File Buz

On Clearinghouses

On Clearinghouses

Now that the financial reform debate is heating up again, I want to caution people against viewing a wider clearing requirement for OTC derivatives as necessarily better. Clearinghouses are not a panacea by any means, and pushing instruments that arent mature enough or sufficiently liquid for clearing onto clearinghouses would be a very bad idea.

In order to properly manage counterparty risk, a clearinghouse needs to be able to accurately price the instruments it clears. Clearinghouses manage counterparty exposure by requiring counterparties to post initial margin at the beginning of the trade, and — crucially — daily variation margin. As explained by Robert Bliss and Robert Steigerwald in a Chicago Fed paper:

Margining systems are designed to ensure that in the event that a clearing member fails to meet a margin call, sufficient funds remain readily available to close out the member’s positions without loss to the CCP in most market conditions. As a complementary risk-management mechanism, the gains and losses from open positions are posted to a clearing member’s margin account on a regular (usually daily) basis and result in calls for variation settlement (or variation margin). The variation settlement reflects periodic mark-to-market fluctuations and is an important mechanism for assuring the collateral held by the CCP is likely to be sufficient to meet the needs of the CCP in the event of a default.

Given the extent to which clearinghouses rely on market prices to mitigate counterparty risk (which is, after all, the main reason were pushing central clearing in the OTC derivatives space), its absolutely crucial that the mark-to-market prices be reasonably accurate. Reliable mark-to-market pricing, of course, requires a liquid market.

It seems that a lot of people are pushing for the government to "err on the safe side" by enacting a very wide clearing requirement for OTC derivatives, with exceptions only for truly bespoke deals. The more OTC derivatives that trade through clearinghouses, the safer the system, right? Well, not really — its not at all clear that this approach would be "erring on the safe side."

In fact, we have a very good example of the potential dangers of this approach: AIGFP. Yes, Im fully aware that AIGs CDSs werent centrally cleared. But they were fully collateralized, requiring AIG to post collateral daily based on market prices — the equivalent of a clearinghouse collecting daily variation margin from counterparties to cleared trades.

Most people agree that it was the decision to collateralize their CDSs that ultimately doomed AIG. Since the contracts required AIG to post collateral based on the mark-to-market prices of the underlying CDOs, the decision to collateralize the trades meant that AIG was exposed to short-term fluctuations in the CDO market. AIG was fine with that, because they foolishly believed that the CDO market was deep enough and liquid enough that mark-to-market prices would remain stable.

As everyone knows by now, liquidity in the CDO market vanished, and the market prices of CDOs plunged. Because they had agreed to collateralize their CDSs, AIG was suddenly forced to post billions of dollars in collateral. The effect wouldve been the same had AIG been required to clear its CDSs through a clearinghouse. The clearinghouse wouldve required AIG to post daily variation margin based on market prices — this, again, is the primary way that clearinghouses mitigate counterparty risk — which means that AIG wouldve been forced to post the same amount of collateral when liquidity dried up in the CDO market.

The point is that forcing OTC derivatives that arent sufficiently liquid onto clearinghouses is not necessarily "playing it safe" from a regulatory perspective. It greatly increases the chances that a clearinghouse will misprice its counterparty risk, and end up not having collected enough variation margin to cover the losses from a default. And I, for one, would rather not see what a clearinghouse failure looks like in my lifetime.

Available link for download